There are several books on the market which help to explain the career of Lyndon Baines Johnson, but this is certainly one of the better biographies:

 While the term "Boss Radio" became a slogan that originated with a California radio station in 1965, and in 1966, it was then taken to the British Isles aboard the radioship mv 'Olga Patricia' (but with a different interpretation).

The concept of radio being the 'Boss Medium' that could make or break commercial, religious and political endeavors, and as the up and coming 'boss medium' nudging print, its practical application to those endeavors is as old as the medium of radio itself.

​Tomorrow we will take you back to the rise of Lyndon Baines Johnson and how radio became an important part of political life within the State of Texas.

Long before Martin Luther King began his famous speech that incorporated the words: "free at last", generations of individuals dating back to the beginning of time have chanted something similar. But it is a conundrum, because it is impossible to achieve, except for perhaps a very short time in the life of any individual human being.

Some years ago (2012), members of our trio wrote about this problem and you can read it here: foundthreads.com/ . It is titled: ‘Me and my Shadow’ Reinterpreted: Collectivism Applied to Individualism as a Stereoscopic Overlay Producing an Illusion of Reality.

Here is the Online opening paragraph that introduces the published article:

"​Our premise begins with the obvious fact that every human being exists, not as a result of an individualistic, self-generating process, but as a result of a collectivist activity involving two human beings who were born at a prior time to their offspring. Therefore as much as we like to think in terms of individualism, nature has dictated that we all exist within a biologically collectivist society. However, once the biological birth has taken place, each individual begins an intellectual journey where thoughts and ideas occur within individual minds. There exists a jarring interconnectivity between biological collectivism and individual intellectualism."

This is why Dr. King's 'I Have a Dream' speech was more in keeping with the recital of a dream, than a statement of achievable reality. But it has nothing to do with race, nor with the color of human skin. Slavery has existed since the beginning of time and it still exists today. Only the circumstances and those enslaved have changed.

In the Kingdom of Great Britain, which controlled colonies in North America, the concept of laissez faire slavery per se, was unknown - because no one was or is a citizen of that nation, because everyone was and still is a 'Subject of the Crown'. Since every subject is tied to the Crown, is being a subject a form of slavery? Put another way, are some slaves better off than other slaves?

During that period just ended when United Kingdom membership in the European Union offered a pretense that by substituting the word 'subject' for 'citizen', individuals miraculously became citizens. But words alone do not change the fact of life.

There are both variations and versions of slavery, and some are more abusive than others, but if a person is not truly free, then they are captive to one degree or other. There is a hierarchy within slavery. The Nazis practiced this concept in their extermination camps by appointing some Jews to help them to incinerate other Jews. ​

In the 1920s, Winston Churchill was the Member of Parliament in London representing Dundee in Scotland. He wrote a full page newspaper article which pitted "Good Jews" (subservient national British Jews like Benjamin Disraeli), against "Bad Jews" (rebellious international Jews like Lev Bronstein who is better known as Leon Trotsky).

Churchill, was a champion of the right of the British Crown to rule a huge chunk of the world which was identified as the British Empire. Churchill's full page article shown above, blamed the rebellious streak in "Bad Jews" as having been derived from a conspiracy cooked up by a Bavarian named Johann Adam Weishaupt.

Churchill was certainly among the leading conspiratorial nutcases who set in motion an idea that has now gained wide publicity, and at which the mainstream British press jeer and sneer. They carefully and craftily excuse the weird ramblings of Sir Winston Churchill, who, like Hitler, blamed Jews for all of the problems in this world.

Churchill offered a simple message that had been built upon decades of hatred for Jews, because when King Edward I of England decided to end the "Jewish Problem in England" by expelling Jews, or killing them if they remained behind. The document that was signed into law in England during 1297 by King Edward I, and the instrument that he used, was a revised and reinstated Magna Carta. The original which he replaced, had been annulled by the Pope in 1215, one month after Edward's predecessor King John had signed it. Churchill was following in the paths of these Jew-haters when he penned his own 1920 diatribe.

Churchill's own source of inspiration predated publication of Adolph Hitler's 'Mein Kampf', which itself was applauded and promoted by American car manufacturer Henry Ford. So Winston Churchill delved back to May 1, 1776, just ahead of the original USA Declaration of Independence by thirteen British colonies in North America. It was on May 1 of that same year that Weishaupt, who was a Bavarian philosopher and professor of both civil and canon law, created a tiny secret society called 'Illuminati'.

If you now turn to YouTube you will discover that mindless sheep across the world have now embraced this simplistic explanation for all that is wrong with the world today. But what is really wrong with the world today, is the credence still given to people like Winston Churchill and the British Commonwealth that morphed out of the British Empire with its current hand-waving token named Elizabeth. She is doing her best to keep the idea of a predestined class structure in place. It is a structure defined by race, and it festers away in London, England, and from there it radiates to the rest of the world.

It all comes back to the lives led by individual human beings.

While some champion the idea that human beings are not free to be individuals, others champion the idea that human beings are born free and then enslaved. But childbirth proves that both versions are in error. It is then confirmed by old age leading to extinction of life.

However, some human beings manage to grasp independence when it becomes biologically possible (until it becomes biologically impossible once again), and they emerge as people like John Rockefeller and Ida Tarbell.

Human existence on this Planet is very brief for each and every person who begins a biological life here. Problems really begin with simplistic answers to complex questions about this brief life. Many try to tell us what happens when we die, but none of these people could enter a courtroom and swear to tell the truth, because they don't know. All they know is hearsay, not a personal experience.

Then there are some who claim that human beings are in some ethereal sense immortal, but if that is true, then those who cannot tell us from first hand knowledge what happens when we individually die off as human beings, should be able to tell us in a court of law where they were before they became a human being, since they would have already experienced that phase of immortal life.

But they can't.

So some human beings then make the astounding statement that this existence is all that there is, and that you were born to die, and become forever extinct. But these individuals also lack any evidence to prove their claim.

The British system of subjects verses citizens, is married to a strange and tangled theological concept entwinned with the laws governing all life in the British Isles. It is merely presided over by an old lady called Elizabeth. But Liz does not run the show which is known in legal terminology as a corporation sole. For this she has a number of people who hold enormous powers to 'advise' British political leaders (MPs), on what they can and cannot do.

In the United States, this issue was supposed to have been resolved on July 4, 1776 when thirteen British United Colonies ​told the British King George III that "We the People" have had enough of you and your ideas that we are subject to your whims.

But it did not work out that way.

In the Nineteenth Century John D. Rockefeller began his climb to becoming the wealthiest American of all time, and he had the power to buy anything and anyone within North America to do his bidding. It appears at first glance that because Ida Tarbell struck back with her pen and pulled the rug from underneath Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company of Ohio, that Rockefeller was finished off when his gigantic Trust was smashed up.

Only it did not work out that way.

Personally Rockefeller was getting older and would eventually die as a human being, but the system that he created and would live on, was merely splattered by judicial action so that the wealth of his former Trust was divided into several smaller units. Rockefeller's financial interests were preserved within their shareholdings.

Then there is the subject of oil itself.

Oil has not 'gone away' and the entities which control oil discovery and production have spread their tentacles around all governmental systems where they would need protection from 'pirates' seeking to steal 'their' wealth and assets. Those governmental systems are run by human beings who can be bought and sold if the price is right. Those who stand in the way are removed by any one of a number of methods, including violent death.

America has run on oil since the dawn of the Twentieth Century, and it has learned how to manage wealth, not from the English, but from the Italians, be they Mussolini's fascists, or the Cosa Nostra. These people are experts in buying political power, and in the Nineteen Fifties their Italian-American know-how was extended to Italy itself.

It was that same methodology which was then bungled in the Nineteen Sixties when a huge CIA base in South Miami came under the control of Robert F. Kennedy. One of those CIA non-human 'assets' was a ship called 'Olga Patricia'. You may have heard of that ship when it was briefly diverted to the North Sea from where it emanated a jingle identifying one of its onboard station transmitters as "Boss Radio":

As you will now know, if you have been following this Blog, the beginning of our recital has moved back in time quite dramatically. On the other hand we need to point out that our Mission Statement (accessed by the 'Introduction' button above), has not changed.

Our new beginning occurs in the Nineteenth Century. That is long before anyone ever dreamed about creating any form of offshore broadcasting station. In fact, that is a time period before radio broadcasting even existed. But oil existed, and it was waiting for someone to begin to commercially exploit its use to advance the Human Race into this Modern Age, and without the exploitation of oil, this Modern Age would not exist.

In the Nineteenth Century homes and businesses were illuminated at night by candles and lanterns fed with whale oil. Then came kerosene derived from oil and it replaced whale oil. But after Edison developed electric lighting, oil became the source of power to run the generators that made electric lighting possible.

Automobiles for personal and freight transportation replaced horses pulling wagons, and all of it was thanks to oil. The invention of aircraft using oil derivatives soon followed, and then the floodgates opened up as the Twentieth Century took hold of life on Earth.

In addition to the basic use of oil to power motors to transport us by land, sea and air, and in addition to all of the audio and video benefits derived from electric-driven media, and in addition to the benefits of lighting and heating because of oil, here is a random sampling of what we all owe to oil. We have simplified this list by adding illustrations:

Source:
https://www.ranken-energy.com/index.php/products-made-from-petroleum/#:~:text=After%20crude%20oil%20is%20removed,%2C%20lubricating%20oils%2C%20and%20asphalt.

While we mentioned inventions of Edison and others working in the same field of discovery, we did not devote any time referring to the means of propagating Edison phonographic renditions: radio broadcasting. But all of that is due to the discovery of oil and its exploitation.

One man, John D. Rockefeller became the wealthiest man on Earth when he grabbed everything he could relating to oil and bundled it all up in gigantic Trust called the Standard Oil Company of Ohio.

Then came Ida Tarbell.

It was Ida Tarbell who unmasked the sinister side of the monopoly that Rockefeller had built, and with Rockefeller's wealth came political power, which is why we will be following the development of the Trusts that sprang up as the Nineteen Century was drawing to a close. Because that kind of financial political power makes a mockery out of the concept of "one man one vote" and democratic government.

In the United Kingdom the Crown ruled as before, and as it does today.

In the USA the founding documents are supposed to reflect the will of 'The People', and not the will of the few. But unfortunately that system has never worked, and most of the blame can be laid at the feet of the one substance that makes our lives livable.

That substance is oil, and oil is money.

Money is power to buy the cooperation of 'The People' of the USA, whether by overt or covert means.

This is what we will be unmasking in a story that will embrace the Sixties and offshore broadcasting.

It is not the story that someone else has told you because what will come as a shock to most people in the UK, is that they owe their modern-day existence, and dependence upon oil, to men who hailed from Texas in the United States of America. They began the process of exploration and extraction of oil in Europe.

As we enter this New Year of 2021, we acknowledge a new source for our own inspiration in this continuing work, by the pioneering investigative journalism created by Ida Tarbell.

It was Ida Tarbell whose influence caused us to move the scope of this work back in time beyond its original limited boundary. We were influenced by Ida's own words that she wrote and published back in the so-called 'Gilded Age'.

We had already discovered the influence of Herman Brown and his brother, and they have had a major impact on our research into reasons for the arrival of offshore broadcasting in the  North Sea. But it was Ida's "muckraking", as President Teddy Roosevelt called the 'boodling' revelations of her colleagues, and Ida's own investigative examination of the Trust created by John D. Rockefeller, that turned our own attention to the key subject of oil.

It is oil from on land and under the sea which has created our modern world of gadgetry and transportation, and without oil our Modern Age could not have developed in the way it has. But oil is more than the lubricant that make 'things' work, it is also the means by which huge wealth has been privately assembled to buy influence that controls our political world.

Thank you Ida Tarbell for not only revealing this basic truth to us, because in so doing you have helped us to assemble a gigantic jigsaw puzzle and see the really big picture.

Ida, you also provided additional proof and inspiration - especially for women - to show that anyone can succeed, even when Society tries to block your path.

The year was 1906, and President Teddy Roosevelt had read enough enough exposés about the corruption that was rife in government, and so on April 14 he gave a speech titled "The Man with the Muck-Rake." 

​His inspiration for his title came from John Bunyan's 1678 novel called 'Pilgrim's Progress'.  That story is about a man raking muck, but who is so engrossed in his work that he can't see that not everyone and everything is corrupt. So Teddy Roosevelt interpreted this to mean that "the men with the muck rakes are  often indispensable to the well being of society; but only if they know when to stop raking the muck."

See: https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/teddyrooseveltmuckrake.htm

​In plain language that means that if investigative journalism leads to your door, then the investigation should stop immediately, or, "don't do as I do, do as I say." It has been written of Teddy Roosevelt that he was not a 'Trust-Buster', but a Trust Regulator. In other words, Rockefeller's empire which had been founded in Ohio, and with the help of Ida Tarbell smashed into pieces, was then regrouped structurally under a variety of names. They were registered in a variety of states, so that people who were then seen pulling various strings of business under different names, all continued on their individual merry ways to their appointed various banks which held the various assets of what had been previously identified as a single entity.

This was the game called Big Oil which powered motors fitted in vehicles that delivered fuel to generating plants for the combines which controlled the generation of electricity and all of the many things that electricity can power, including the manufacture of petroleum powered motors. Once this racket began, it became impossible to stop it. It was not the products that were at fault but the people who engaged in boodling, because they not only passed the laws to control oil production, but they also had control of taxpayer money that was paid out in the form of government contracts. That money all passed through the boodling hands of bureaucrats.

Big business, which is what Trusts are, needs big money to be successful, and big money comes from big bank accounts, and one of the largest bank accounts is owned by the United States Treasury. You gain access to it via government contracts, and you gain contracts via politicians, and you gain access to politicians by kick-backs from your business ventures: "You scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours."

​In the days when Teddy Roosevelt carried his big stick and bossed people around, muckrakers descended upon State after State in search of "boodlers". They are the people engaged in graft who corrupt political life in order to achieve personal gain. The muckrakers of the past were investigative journalists who began publishing stories at State level, because at a local State level it was common knowledge that a  lot of hands were delving into a lot of State coffers holding a lot of the taxpayers' money, and at State level, a lot of people knew who the boodlers were.

On the surface, Teddy Roosevelt championed capitalist ideology until he discovered that without some form of restraint, gigantic monopolistic Trusts emerged with a primary goal of stifling competition. The free marketplace disappeared. It was no free enterprise.

Investigative journalists discovered that the men controlling the State governments were often bought and paid for by known commercial vested interests, and to maintain office, these guys rigged elections. So people on the lower receiving end of boodling, the taxpayers and employees of the big Trusts began to demand that control of the Trusts be transferred to governmental entitles.

​In other words, incompetent bureaucratic bosses who had no idea about how to run a business, became the incompetent managers of the boodling process. The governments just cut out the middle man when schemes of nationalization were touted. Graft was simplified.

​In the years that followed on from Teddy Roosevelt, the United States economic system imploded due to corruption, and then another Roosevelt, named Franklin Delano became President of the United States. At first he fell in love with the new approach of an Italian leader named Benito Mussolini who he thought, had taken the best of capitalism and married it to socialism.

Okay, let's deal with this issue:

The 2020 Election and charges of ....

"FRAUD!"

No court has judged the merits of that claim after hearing and seeing the evidence, because case after case was tossed or refused before a case could begin in court.

But what does the track record of US Elections show us?

It reveals a history of "boodling!"

We have begun to reproduce that track record going back to the 'Gilded Era' where election fraud was and seems to be still is, as American as apple pie.

It's not as if this subject is silly beyond belief because it is impossible. No, there is a solid track record of "boodling election fraud" in the USA to back it up.

Why do we care?

Well without Brown and Root backing Lyndon Baines Johnson, and assisting George Parr as the "Duke of Duval" to rig the election which helped Johnson to enter the U.S Senate, the question is whether Lyndon Baines Johnson would have become Vice-President? When President John F. Kennedy had his head blown apart at high Noon on a clear day and surrounded by spectators in the middle of a Dallas street, would Lyndon Baines Johnson have become President?

Without Brown and Root there may not have been a REM island offshore radio and television broadcasting operation, and without Brown and Root pioneering in the field of offshore rigs searching for natural gas and petroleum in the North Sea, where would the experience and expertise to exploit those offshore resources have come from?

Yes, Radio Caroline was merely a sampling station - to see how the North Sea would be governed in an age before the UN Law of the Sea had been nationally implemented. Simon Dee was not just playing records on board the mv Fredericia for entertainment while the ship was anchored off England, he was acting out a part that he did not understand.

So when the scoffers sneer and laugh at claims about 2020 Election Fraud, without any court hearing any evidence to point to, and even though America has embraced election fraud going all the way back to the 1800s (and maybe before that), then those same sneering, jeering voices who claim that there is no dark side, no sinister side to the creation of Radio Caroline, are not only just plain wrong, but the sad joke is on them.

Remember this oldie? (Click the image below:)

Before the pandemic, you could visit Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to see where the USA was born and where the first First Continental Congress was held on September 5, 1774.

That meeting was conducted in the name of the United Colonies, and those present were about to resist domination by the British Crown in order to demand independence. Their treasonous intentions were couched in secrecy, and their actions had incremental results that began on a hot summer's day in 1776 to create a confederacy of States that would openly defy the colonial political power of the British Crown.

But that first attempt to create a USA failed, and it took until 1789 for it to be recreated, again in secrecy, by forming the federated United States of America. Same name, different system, and all done in secrecy.

Now let's move ahead to this pandemic year of 2020 when the State of Pennsylvania has joined a list of Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, and Wisconsin that are all mired in allegations of electoral voter fraud. Those allegations are all related to claims about modern-day boodling.

That is a subject which gave rise to investigative journalism, which was once labeled as 'muckraking' - by those not wanting to be exposed as fraudsters.

Ironically, it was the exposure of boodling by muckrakers that helped to originally promote the Progressive political movement into action. Their goal was to break the monopolistic power of the Trusts, and in particular the integrated vertical and horizontal connecting operations of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company.

Well, back then they did smash the outward signs of the monopoly by scattering the pieces just like a glass jar dropped from a height on to a hard kitchen floor. It scatters in pieces. But unlike the glass jar, the pieces of Rockefeller's Trust remained quietly connected by shares, and over time they reassembled themselves into a new configuration.

Boodled political power is like a glass jar that seems to be fragile because it can appear to shatter from the results of an election, and like the analogy of that glass jar, the shattered pieces continue to function by shares, but under alternative configurations. Boodled political power is not for those seeking the limelight to obtain a vanity status. It is for the people who work in the shadows seeking to control vast sums of money from governmental coffers.

This is what our own investigation is ultimately all about.

​To understand this process it is necessary to return to the birth of the modern age which emerged in the middle of the Nineteenth Century. Here is a major report from 1903 that appeared in a Pennsylvania newspaper about political graft in the State of Missouri. It is an independent newpaper follow-up to a 1898 expose by magazine muckrakers:

Sometimes, the story that appears to be new, is merely a rehash of a story that has appeared before, but to understand the current version of the same tale, it is necessary to go back and take a second look at the original story. Then you discover that the beginning of the tale that you think is new, has a long and sinister past life.

That is what we are doing with 'Dial 999 for Caroline'. It is also a tale of graft and corruption, and if you revisit our initial video at http://yesterdayneverhappened.com you will note that we first drew your attention to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, and a radio ship called mv Mi Amigo.

​Take another look!

Finding the beginning of this story has been very difficult to achieve, and it has also been a very time consuming exercise, which means than it has also been costly in terms of time and money. Therefore, when human rodents scurry around picking up bits of information and leave their published droppings, they also leave infectious misinformation in their wake. To see what we mean, look at the examples illustrated above.

Investigative journalism is a polite rendition of its original branding as 'muckraking'; because 'muckrakers' search for and then reveal information that those who have control of any monopolistic endeavor, don't want their adversaries to discover. They don't want competition.

Following the trail back in time to discover how and why an offshore radio station called 'Caroline' began broadcasting from a ship off the coast of southeast England in 1964, has been a tortuous journey due to false leads and obfuscated documentation. That trail leads back to a time set around the half-way mark of the Nineteenth Century.

It was a time before the commercial potential of the electrical generating capability of oil was understood, and before such generators were even invented. It predates the invention of radio, as that term is now understood, and it also predates the time when commercial recording and playback devices with audio or video applications, joined the printing press to become part of mass media.

We are referring to that so-called 'Gilded Age' between the U.S. Civil War and World War I; that time when some of the wealthy flaunted their acquisitions in the face of the hoi polloi. It was also an era of political corruption, which makes it sound like an earlier version of the way in which some lives are lived today. Then, as today, it was glitz and apparent glamour that concealed the unpleasant methodologies used to create the illusion of utopian lifestyles. 

Rigged election claims in the USA today, are nothing new. They also flourished in that 'Gilded Age', and that is when, how and why the muckrakers came into existence. As hard as political movements and some legislators tried to stamp out that kind of behavior in one place, it would spring up in a slightly different form somewhere else.

When we come to 1948 and the election to the US Senate by Lyndon Baines Johnson, we come face to face with a rigged election and corruption in the Lone Star State of Texas. It was Johnson who became the primary beneficiary as a public persona, when John F. Kennedy had his head blown apart at High Noon in 1963, on a Dallas, Texas street. Despite witnesses surrounding the victim on all sides, to this day there has been no definitive explanation for all of the many problems surrounding the official verdict that laid the blame at the feet of one lone individual who gained nothing from Kennedy's death.

The sequential death of Lee Harvey Oswald by Jack Ruby made no sense. So it is with the histories of broadcasting and recorded music, and especially the birth of Radio Caroline which was born in a sequence of events and geographical locations enveloping the death of John F. Kennedy.

The trail leading to the birth of Radio Caroline has been the subject of books and movies, just like the Kennedy Assassination. But none of them make sense, any more than explanations for the killing of John F. Kennedy make sense. When we get to 1964 and address the reason for the birth of Radio Caroline, some, like Paul Rusling continue to pump out absolute rubbish, but obviously he and his companions have enough gullible fools who pay them in order to be mislead by them. Whether Rusling understands what he is doing is debatable, and there is reason to believe that he does not.

That is why we do not promise a quick 'mind-fix' with the results of our investigations into events of yesterday. On the other hand, because we do not wish to sink our story into a mire of endless foot-noting and end-noting, we will be revealing the story here for all to read, but saving the proof for publication in book format.

We promised that 'Dial 999 for Caroline' would appear this year (2020), and if you have been paying attention, you will have noticed that a lot of new information has already been published here on this Blog (for which you have not been asked to make any financial contribution.) All we do ask is that you do not steal our work and then try to repackage it in order to sell it on to those who can be fooled most of the time.

There is a major and obvious difference between this online version and the book version (aside from documentation.) We are not providing a sequential story flow of data. You will have to absorb information and then slot it into your own memory bank in terms of sequencing. The book version will of course follow a traditional time sequence format.

You may wish to go back and discover how much new information we have already revealed. Some of it includes the lives of people like Ian Cowper Ross, about whom we will have much more to report. But we have also begun to tell you about Charles William (Bill) Weaver who had custody of the mv Mi Amigo on behalf a triumvirate of owners in Dallas, Texas. You can access past editions from the archive listing in the column to the right of these words.

Yes, this is a story about 'boodling', a U.S. slang word that seems to have fallen out of favor, but which aptly describes our own investigation which picks up from the work of the original 'muckrakers' - which is what U.S. investigative "citizen reporters" were once called because they unearthed the "muck" that 'polite society' did not want to reveal. It is all about bribery to gain political license to steal: legally!

You can't understand the story of Radio Caroline until you understand the story that laid the foundation for its creation, and the real reason why it was created.

Forget pop music, and forget all of the silly stories that hack writers have fed you (for money), because none of that explains how and why Radio Caroline was created, but we will.

If you are wondering about the the constant flow of news stories about the seemingly wild and unsubstantiated claims by President Donald Trump that the Election of 2020 was stolen by people working to elect Joe Biden, then look no further than here. That story and the story of Radio Caroline are all about 'boodling', and we will offer the proof that everyone in mass media tries to brush aside and pretend that it does not exist.

That proof exists because 'boodling' exists, and as you can see from the definition above, 'boodling' first pops up in the U.S press towards the end of the 1800s. That is when electric power and all of the inventions that it spawned also began to pop up, and without electric power there would be no Radio Caroline.

But what gave Radio Caroline its electric power?

Generators.

What made those generators generate electricity?

Oil.

Before electricity came the discovery that petroleum could light homes and in so doing replace the use of whale oil. Then it was discovered that petroleum could do more than provide lighting, it could provide power, and along the line of discovery came those generators that powered up the Continental Electronics transmitters that belted out that jingle ....

"Going back in time on the sound of the nation" ....
​

On August 6, 1887, 'The Spirit of Kansas', a newspaper published in Topeka, explained the meaning of the word 'boodling' in this column:

Before Charles Dickens published 'David Copperfield' as a book, it was released within 19 monthly instalments between May 1849 and November 1850, and consequently the reference above to "Uriah Heeps" (sic) in the text above, is somewhat topical.

It is also interesting to note that "stealing elections" is a very American practice that was (and is) not confined to a few States, nor to a short period of time. Without a stolen election in 1948, Lyndon Baines Johnson may never have become President of the United States following the murder of John F. Kennedy.

But as in the instance of Lyndon B. Johnson, trying to undo a rigged election due to stuffed ballot boxes is difficult to achieve, as President Donald Trump is now discovering to his dismay, because rigged American elections are as American as apple pie. The only major difference between the US electoral system and the UK electoral system is that in the UK the ballot is permanently rigged in favor of its Crown corporation sole. It becomes an issue in the USA due to its written Constitution which is supposed to represent the will of 'The People', and not the will of a reigning monarch.